Quick summary

Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a plant known for its essential oil commonly used in aromatherapy and cosmetics. It has shown potential biological activities primarily in preclinical studies. However, current clinical research specifically examining Santalum album is limited, and there is insufficient clinical evidence to confirm direct health effects in humans.

What is it

Sandalwood refers to the heartwood of the tree species Santalum album, valued for its distinctive fragrance. The essential oil extracted from sandalwood is widely used in traditional and modern aromatherapy, as well as in cosmetic and personal care products.

Traditional uses

Traditionally, sandalwood has been employed for its aromatic qualities in religious rituals and as a component in perfumery and skincare. It has been used in complementary therapies aimed at promoting relaxation and psychological well-being.

Active compounds

The primary active constituents of sandalwood essential oil include sesquiterpenes such as santalol (α-santalol and β-santalol), which contribute to its characteristic aroma and potential biological activities.

Potential benefits with evidence levels

  • Potential symptom relief and well-being enhancement via aromatherapy: Insufficient clinical evidence. Sandalwood oil is among essential oils used in complementary therapies and is generally regarded as safe, but rigorous clinical trials directly confirming effects on psychological and physiological symptoms are limited. Further research is emphasized.
    Supporting study: “Aromatherapy and Essential Oils: Holistic Strategies in Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Integral Wellbeing” (2025) [PMID: 39942962]
  • Enhanced secondary metabolite production and antioxidant enzyme activity in plant tissue culture: In vitro experimental evidence only. Studies on sandalwood callus cultures treated with selenium nanoparticles and LED light demonstrated increased secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzyme activity, which may have value for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
    Supporting study: “Synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and LED light on enhancement of secondary metabolites in sandalwood (Santalum album) plants through in-vitro callus culturing technique” (2024) [PMID: 39346051]

Side effects

There are no specific adverse effects directly attributed to sandalwood or its essential oil reported in clinical research to date. However, essential oils in general can cause allergic reactions or skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Caution is advised, especially with topical use.

Drug interactions

No documented clinical evidence currently exists about drug interactions involving sandalwood or its essential oil.

Who should avoid it

Due to a lack of safety data, pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised to exercise caution and avoid sandalwood products unless under medical supervision. Individuals with known sensitivity to essential oils or skin conditions should also be cautious.

Evidence limitations

Clinical data on the therapeutic effects, safety, drug interactions, contraindications, and use in pregnancy or breastfeeding of Santalum album are currently insufficient or lacking. Most evidence derives from in vitro or preclinical studies or general essential oil use, without rigorous clinical trials. High-quality randomized controlled trials focusing on sandalwood specifically are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits and clarify safety profiles.

References

Last reviewed

June 2024

Disclaimer: This page is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Sandalwood may have biological properties that require further research. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using herbal products, particularly if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or are taking medications.