Quick summary

Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral required in small amounts for human health, acting as a cofactor for important enzymes involved in metabolism.

What is it?

Molybdenum is a naturally occurring trace element found in the environment and food. It plays a vital but small role in human nutrition, primarily as part of enzymatic systems necessary for normal metabolic functions. Though required only in minute quantities, molybdenum is indispensable for enzymatic activity related to the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and purines.

Main functions in the body

  • Cofactor for enzymes such as sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase
  • Involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and purines, facilitating critical biochemical reactions

Recommended intake and upper limit

Adequate Intakes (AIs) for molybdenum have been established based on estimated average requirements, though values vary by age, sex, and life stage. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) also exist to help avoid potential toxicity associated with excessive intake.

Because intake recommendations depend on individual factors, consulting authoritative sources or a healthcare professional is advised for personalized guidance.

Source: NIH Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheet on Molybdenum

Best food sources

  • Legumes (such as beans and lentils)
  • Grains
  • Nuts
  • Leafy green vegetables

Deficiency: causes, symptoms and risk groups

Molybdenum deficiency in humans is extremely rare and typically occurs only under specialized medical conditions.

Risk groups

  • Individuals receiving total parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding) without molybdenum supplementation
  • Severe deficiency in the general population is very uncommon

Signs and symptoms

  • Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat)
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Neurological abnormalities

Cases of molybdenum deficiency outside of specialized clinical settings are extremely rare.

Supplement forms

There is no specific data in the supplied evidence about different molybdenum supplement forms or their relative bioavailability.

Absorption and bioavailability

Molybdenum is efficiently absorbed in the small intestine with good bioavailability from dietary sources. No specific enhancers or inhibitors of its absorption have been identified in the provided evidence. Differences between supplement forms are not detailed in the available data.

Potential benefits: what does the evidence say?

Essential nutrient function

There is strong evidence that molybdenum acts as an essential cofactor for enzymatic reactions critical to metabolism, a well-established biological role important for normal health.

Supplementation benefits

Current published human clinical evidence is insufficient to support benefits of molybdenum supplementation beyond the correction of deficiency. No clear data demonstrate effects of supplementation in healthy populations or specific clinical conditions.

Side effects and toxicity

High intakes of molybdenum may lead to toxicity, although detailed data on specific toxic symptoms and definitive safe upper limits are limited.

Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) exist to help prevent adverse effects, but the safety profile requires cautious interpretation given incomplete data.

Drug and nutrient interactions

No specific interactions with drugs or other nutrients were identified in the supplied evidence.

Who should be careful?

People who are pregnant or breastfeeding, have medical conditions including kidney or thyroid disease, iron overload disorders, or are using medications should consult a healthcare professional before taking molybdenum supplements.

Frequently asked questions

Is molybdenum deficiency common?
No, it is very rare and mainly occurs in specialized medical settings such as prolonged intravenous feeding without supplementation.
Can I get enough molybdenum from my diet?
Yes, molybdenum is widely available in legumes, grains, nuts, and leafy vegetables, making deficiency uncommon in people consuming a balanced diet.
Are molybdenum supplements necessary for healthy people?
There is insufficient evidence supporting routine supplementation beyond preventing or treating deficiency.
Are there risks associated with taking too much molybdenum?
High doses could potentially cause toxicity, but specific adverse effects and thresholds are not well defined; it is best to avoid excessive intake.

Evidence limitations

  • No supplied data on clinical supplementation trials demonstrating efficacy beyond preventing deficiency
  • Safety profile and toxicity details are limited in the supplied evidence
  • No supplied EU authorized health claims identified

References

Disclaimer

This page provides general information based on available scientific evidence. It does not constitute medical advice and should not be used for self-diagnosis or treatment. People who are pregnant, breastfeeding, have medical conditions, or are taking medications should consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to their diet or taking supplements.

Last reviewed

June 2024