Quick summary

Hops (Humulus lupulus) is recognized for its bioactive compounds such as xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin, which have demonstrated various pharmacological activities including sedative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects in preclinical and some early clinical studies. It is used traditionally and investigated for menopausal vasomotor symptoms, sleep disorders, and mental health conditions. Current human clinical evidence is limited but suggests possible benefits especially for sleep quality and menopausal symptoms. Safety data indicate relative tolerability, but phytoestrogenic activity warrants cautious use in certain populations.

What is it

Hops is a climbing plant scientifically known as Humulus lupulus. It is commonly known for its use in brewing beer but has also been used medicinally for centuries. The female flowers (cones) contain several bioactive compounds that are the focus of research for their potential health effects.

Traditional uses

Traditionally, hops have been used as a natural remedy for sleep disturbances, anxiety, digestive issues, and menopausal symptoms. It has also been employed as a mild sedative and to support relaxation.

Active compounds

  • Xanthohumol: A flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 8-Prenylnaringenin: A potent phytoestrogen linked to hormonal effects.
  • Other flavonoids and essential oils contributing to antimicrobial and sedative activities.

Potential benefits with evidence levels

  • Improvement of sleep quality and insomnia symptoms: Moderate evidence from randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews suggests hops may improve subjective sleep quality and reduce insomnia symptoms, possibly through modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission.
  • Reduction of menopausal vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes): Limited to moderate evidence from clinical trials and systematic reviews shows that hops containing 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen, may reduce the frequency and intensity of hot flashes in postmenopausal women.
  • Anxiolytic effects and mood improvement: Preclinical and some clinical data indicate potential anxiolytic properties; however, evidence in humans is insufficient and requires further validation.
  • Antimicrobial activity: Moderate preclinical evidence and systematic reviews suggest antimicrobial effects of hops extracts against certain pathogens, but clinical relevance remains to be established.
  • Potential anticancer activity: Strong preclinical evidence (in vitro and animal studies) for xanthohumol demonstrates anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities; however, human clinical evidence is lacking.

Side effects

Reported adverse effects are mostly mild and infrequent, including gastrointestinal discomfort and allergic reactions. Cases of postmenopausal bleeding have been reported with products containing hops, likely due to its phytoestrogenic activity.

Drug interactions

Due to its phytoestrogenic effects, hops may interact with hormone therapies, including aromatase inhibitors and other estrogen-modulating drugs. There is insufficient evidence regarding interactions with other medications, but caution is advised when combining hops with central nervous system (CNS) depressants or sedatives.

Who should avoid it

Use of hops is generally contraindicated or should be approached with caution in individuals with hormone-sensitive cancers (e.g., estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer) or those on hormonal therapies. Avoid hops if you have known allergies to hops or related plants. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid use due to insufficient safety data and potential hormonal effects.

Evidence limitations

Most clinical studies on hops are small, short-term, and sometimes lack rigorous blinding or placebo controls. Many findings come from preclinical or animal studies, limiting direct applicability to humans. There is variability in extract preparations, doses, and study methodologies. More large, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm both the efficacy and safety of hops.

References

Last reviewed

June 2024

Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal product, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.